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East Prussian plebiscite 1920
The East Prussia(n) plebiscite〔Keynes, (Google Print, p.11 ) (full view - text is in PD)〕〔Tooley, (Google Print, p.176 )〕 ((ドイツ語:Abstimmung in Ostpreußen)), also known as the Allenstein and Marienwerder plebiscite〔Butler, pps: 720 - 828〕〔Williamson, pps: 93-101〕〔Wambaugh〕 or Warmia, Masuria and Powiśle plebiscite〔Topolski, p. 31.〕 ((ポーランド語:Plebiscyt na Warmii, Mazurach i Powiślu)), was a plebiscite for self-determination of the regions southern Warmia (Ermland), Masuria (Mazury, Masuren) and Powiśle, which had been in parts of the East Prussian Government Region of Allenstein and of West Prussian Government Region of Marienwerder, in accordance with Articles 94 to 97 of the Treaty of Versailles.
Prepared during early 1920, it took place on 11 July 1920. The plebiscite was conducted by German authorities.〔Ethnic groups and population changes in twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: history, data, analysis. Piotr Eberhardt, Jan Owsinski. page 166, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7656-0665-5.〕 According to Richard K. Debo, both German and Polish governments believed that the outcome of the plebiscite was decided by the ongoing Polish-Bolshevik War which threatened the existence of the newly formed Polish state itself and, as a result, even many German citizens of Polish ethnicity of the region voted for Germany out of fear that if the area was allocated to Poland it would soon fall under Soviet rule.〔Debo, Richard K. , "Survival and consolidation: the foreign policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921", McGill-Queen's Press, 1992, pg. 335.〕
According to several Polish sources the German side engaged in mass persecution of Polish activists, their Masurian supporters, going as far as engaging in regular hunts and murder against them to influence the vote. Additionally the organisation of the plebiscite was influenced by Great Britain, which at the time supported Germany, fearing the increased power of France in post-war Europe.〔Zarys dzíejów Polski Jerzy Topolski Interpress,page 204, 1986〕〔Rocznik olsztyński: Tom 10
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